Proposed system

Based on the above concerns we have created a model which is based on IoT for smart farming agriculture activities and follows the below-mentioned objectives:

1. Offer a feasible solution to the farmers of Rajasthan about how to deal with the present water problems.
2. Provide farmers with correct information regarding the soil water content and list them ways for better utilization of water.
3. Produce healthy and improvised quality crops by making farmers aware of the water and moisture content in the soil.
4. Make farmers financially secured by providing them resource utilization methods.
5. Finally, let the digital farming accelerate the agriculture business by constant data monitoring and analyzing. Farmers will be notified with this data for better decision-making.

To achieve the proposed model, three sensors are used:

1. Ultrasonic sensor: This sensor measures the distance with the help of ultrasonic waves. A correct water level that should be present is marked and if the water goes below that point, the sensor notifies the farmer by text or an email to check and refill the tank.
2. Soil moisture sensor: It is used to keep in check the moisture level of soil by sensing. Suppose the moisture is low and soil is dry, then it will automatically supply water to it and when there is enough water present which means the soil is wet then the water pump will stop automatically.
3. Turbidity sensor: The quantitative measure of suspended particles present in a fluid is called turbidity. It is measured as high and low and shown in Figure 10.2.

This sensor helps in measuring the light transmitted in order to determine the turbidity of the water. When there is cloudiness or haziness in the water, the water level rises thus increasing the total suspended solids (TSS). When the specified certain value is crossed in the tank, meaning the tank needs to be cleaned as the water is impure, the system will tend to notify the farmer to ensure the cleanliness of the water tank.

Sending Notification: To inform a farmer about the level of water and its turbidity in the tank, applets are used. Applets are small task applications that perform a specific task and have a well-defined scope. These applets today are often connected with the concept of “If This Then That”, commonly referred to as IFTTT.

The term IFTTT is inspired from the use of conditional statements in programming languages that govern logical flow of statements in a program. Primarily, IFTTT is a web-based software service that is responsible for connecting different applications and services run over the internet to trigger automations by making use of applets. For instance, in the scope of this project, the farmer will be notified when water reaches low levels or turbidity crosses a threshold value.

Devices used in the system:

1. Arduino UNOIt is a microcontroller designed to control and sense the metrics associated with electronic device used in the real world. It comes pre-embedded with an ATmega328 microcontroller that provides various timers, regulators, counters and a host of other features.
2. Turbidity sensorIt is used to ensure water quality and management by focusing a beam of light into the water that is supposed to be monitored.
3. Soil Moisture SensorSoil moisture sensors are used to measure the moisture content present in the soil. These sensors use capacitance at a very high frequency to measure the quantity of water volumetrically against the total quantity of soil present.
4. Ultrasonic sensorUltrasonic sensors measure the distance of the targeted object by emitting out sound waves that lie outside the range of frequencies that can be detected by the human ear. Due to its ability of measuring targeted distances, these sensors also find uses in vehicle washing, counting of bottles filled in drink factories and for detecting the presence of people.
5. ESP8266It is an economical wireless receiver that often finds its use in IoT applications primarily due to the characteristic of providing any microcontroller access to Wi-Fi networks.
6. Logic level converterThese are bi-directional converters responsible for converting high voltages into low voltages and vice versa. It is important to match the voltage level of other electronic components that are connected on the board of the microcontroller.
7. LED light bulb (used to demonstrate water pump)	8. Jumper wires
9. Resistor	10. Bread board