An NPDES Permit is required for a discharge of wastewater to waters of the United States (surface waters). This permit is issued by the state by delegated authority of the Clean Water Act (CWA 1972). Since waters of the United States are also waters of the state, NPDES permits are actually combined NPDES/state waste discharge permits issued under dual (State and Federal) authorities. NPDES permits are typically issued for a maximum of five years. The most important amendment to the CWA was the NPDES permit program. Technology‐based effluent limits backed by plants discharging pollutants through a pipe or a conveyance (also see Section 4.9.3; Table 4.6).
Table 4.4 Laboratory analytical methods.
| Parameters | Methods |
| General Chemistry | |
| Turbidity | EPA Revised 1983: 180.1 |
| Conductivity | EPA Revised 1983: 120.1 |
| Alkalinity | EPA Revised 1983: 310.1 |
| Hardness | EPA Revised 1983: 130.1 |
| Fluoride | EPA Revised 1983: 340.3 |
| Fluoride (soil) | EPA Revised 1983: 340.3 |
| Solids | |
| TS | EPA Revised 1983: 160.3 |
| TNVS | EPA Revised 1983: 160.3 |
| TSS | EPA Revised 1983: 160.2 |
| TNVSS | EPA Revised 1983: 160.2 |
| % Solids | APHA, 1989: 2540G |
| % Volatile solids | EPA Revised 1983: 160.4 |
| Oxygen Demand Parameters | |
| BOD5 | EPA Revised 1983: 405.1 |
| COD | EPA Revised 1983: 410.1 |
| TOC (water) | EPA Revised 1983: 415.1 |
| TOC (soil/sediment) | EPA Revised 1983: 405.1 |
| Nutrients | |
| NH3‐N | EPA Revised 1983: 350.1 |
| NO2 + NO3‐N | EPA Revised 1983: 353.2 |
| P – total | EPA Revised 1983: 365.3 |
| Organics | |
| VOC (water) | EPA Revised 1986: 8260 |
| VOC (soil/sediment) | EPA Revised 1986: 8240 |
| BNAs (water) | EPA Revised 1986: 8270 |
| BNAs (soil/sediment) | EPA Revised 1986: 8270 |
| Dioxin/Furans (water) | EPA Revised 1986: 8290 |
| Pest/PCB (water) | EPA Revised 1986: 8080 |
| Pest (soil/sediment) | EPA Revised 1986: 8080 |
| PAH (water) | EPA Revised 1986: 8310 |
| Metals | |
| PP Metals (water) | EPA Revised 1986: 200 ‐ 299 |
| PP Metals (soil/sediment) | EPA Revised 1986: 200 ‐ 299 |
| Aluminum – ICP | EPA Revised 1986: 220.7 |
| Miscellaneous | |
| Oil and grease (water) | EPA Revised 1983: 413.1 |
| Oil and grease (soil/sediment) | EPA Revised 1983: 413.1 |
| Cyanide (total) | EPA Revised 1983: 335.2 |
| Cyanide (wk & dis) | APHA, 1989: 4500 ‐CNI |
| Cyanide (wk & dis soil/sed) | APHA, 1989: 4500 ‐CNI |
| Fecal Coliform MF | APHA, 1989: 9222D |
| Bioassays | |
| Rainbow Trout, Salmonid (acute 100%) | Ecology, 1981 |
| Daphnia magna (acute) | EPA, 1985 |
| Ceriodaphnia (chronic) | EPA, 1989: 1002 |
| Fathead Minnow (chronic) | EPA, 1989: 1000 |
| Hyallela (acute) | Nebekar, 1984 |
| Microtox (acute) | Beckman, 1982 |
| Field Analysis | |
| pH | APHA, 1985: 423 |
| Temperature | APHA, 1985: 212 |
| Chlorine Residue | APHA, 1985: 408E |
| Method Bibliography APHA –AWWA‐WPCF, 1989, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 17th Edition. Beckman Instruments, Inc., 1982. Microtox System Operating Manual. Ecology, 1981. Static Acute Fish Toxicity Test, WDOE 80‐12, revised July 1981. EPA, Revised 1983, Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, EPA‐600/4‐79‐020 (Rev. March, 1983) EPA, 1985, Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents to Freshwater and Marine Organisms, EPA/600/4‐85/013. EPA, 1986: SW846. Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste Physical/Chemical Methods, SW‐846, 3rd. Ed., November, 1986. EPA, 1989. Short‐term Methods for Estimating the Chronic Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater Organisms, second ed. EPA/600/4‐89/100. Nebeker, et al. 1984. “Biological Methods for Determining Toxicity of Contaminated Freshwater Sediments to Invertebrates.” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 3, 617–630. | |
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