INTRODUCTION

Machine tools that give a shape to parts/products by removing metal chips from a workpiece include lathes, shapers and planers, drilling machines, boring machines, milling machines, grinders, etc. Before the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, hand tools were used to cut and shape materials for the production of goods such as cooking utensils, wagons, ships, furniture, and other products. After the advent of the steam engine and material; goods were produced by power-driven machines that could only be manufactured by machine tools. Jigs and fixtures (for holding the work and guiding the tool) were the indispensable innovations that made interchangeable parts realities in the 19th century.