The information collected by IoT devices undergoes a five-phase life cycle.
Create phase: Different sensors and devices collect the information from the physical world.
Communicate phase: The collected data are sent through the network to the desired destination.
Conglobation or aggregate phase: The data are summed up by the devices.
Evaluation or analyze phase: The aggregated data are used to generate the basic pattern for optimization and control actions.
Activity phase: The designated action is performed based on the data available.
IoT involves different characteristics such as connectivity, dynamic nature and large scalability, heterogeneity, intelligence and security (Table 8.1).
| IoT characteristics | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Connectivity | Consistent objects are united to enable the network in IoT. |
| Dynamic nature | The collected information undergoes dynamic changes progressively with time, locality and human intervention, etc. |
| Large scale | The number of devices connected together and managed is much larger compared with devices connected to the internet. Stated 5.5 million devices connected to IoT. About 30% of device utility increased in 2016. |
| Heterogeneity | It is the main characteristic of IoT. The devices interface through different networks based on hardware flatform. Heterogeneity of devices and environment implies their interoperability, adjustability, scalability and separateness. |
| Intelligence | IoT works well with any hardware, software, programming and algorithms. This facilitates the users to interact with a smart device in intelligent manner with GUI. |
| Sensing | IoT cannot work without sensors in many applications as interaction with environmental data is very necessary. The sensing data are input from the physical world using sensors. |
| Security | IoT devices are very sensitive to security threats. The data transferred through all the network layers have to be protected. |
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