Category: Industrial Pollution Sources Its Characterization, Estimation and Treatment

Under normal conditions, dry, ambient air contains approximately 78.08% nitrogen, 20.94% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and traces of other gases. For gases, percentages are usually expressed as percent by volume. For an ideal gas (ambient air approximates an ideal gas), volume percent is the same as mole percent. Recall that an ideal gas…

The USEPA has established a number of methods for estimating fugitive emissions (USEPA 1988, 1995). The methods vary in the time and expense they require and as would be expected, the more time‐consuming and costly methods result in a more accurate estimate of emissions. The least accurate and least costly method for estimating fugitive emissions is to…

Under the CAA, EPA is required to regulate emissions of HAPs. In the 1990 CAA, 189 HAPs were identified for potential regulation presented in Table C.2. Industrial and commercial waste incinerators, industrial boilers and process heaters, and other combustion sources are suspected of emitting large quantities of many of these HAPs. Some HAPs are components of…

Air pollution contributes to a wide variety of adverse health effects. EPA has established NAAQS for six of the most common air pollutants – carbon monoxide, lead, ground‐level ozone, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide – known as “criteria” air pollutants (or simply “criteria pollutants”). The presence of these pollutants in ambient air is…

The term criteria pollutant comes from the fact that health‐based criteria were used to establish the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for these pollutants (USEPA 2009b). The NAAQS for these pollutants are established by EPA to protect public health and welfare. Table 3.8 Criteria air pollutants. EPA criteria air pollutants Pollutant Sources Health and environmental effects…

An emission factor is a representative value that attempts to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the atmosphere with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant. These factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit weight, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant…

Air pollution control has become an essential part of operations for many industries particularly the chemical process industries. In developed countries, air quality problems are attributable to the by‐products of combustion processes used in the private and public transportation sectors of the economy, as well. Frequently; however, planners fail to acknowledge that control systems themselves…

On 15 November 1990, the President signed the amendments to the CAA, referred to as the 1990 CAAA. Embodied in these amendments were several progressive and creative new themes deemed appropriate for effectively achieving the air quality goals and for reforming the air quality control regulatory process (USEPA 1990). Specifically, the amendments:

US Clean Air Act and Amendments The Clean Air Act (CAA) defines the national policy for air pollution abatement and control in the United Kingdom. It establishes goals for protecting health and natural resources and delineates what is expected of Federal, State, and local governments to achieve those goals. The CAA, which was initially enacted…

On a mesoscale (Figure 3.2) as temperature varies with altitude, so does density. In general, the air grows progressively less dense as we move upward from the troposphere through the stratosphere and the chemosphere to ionosphere. In the upper reaches of the ionosphere, the gaseous molecules are few and far between as compared with the…