Black-box techniques can be applied to functional and non-functional tests. As the name suggests, the point of observation for a black-box test is outside the test object and you need no knowledge of its code or inner structure. Apart from choosing input data or setting appropriate preconditions, you have no influence over the test itself. Black-box techniques concentrate solely on the test object’s input and output behavior.
The design of test cases and test conditions, and the choice of test data will depend on the specifications/requirements and on use cases and user stories. Software and system components are often designed using formal and informal models, and both can be used to systematically derive appropriate test cases.
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