Author: Muhammad Ahmad

Industrial hygiene or occupational hygiene is the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, control, and confirmation of protection from hazards at work that may result in injury, illness, or affect the well‐being of workers. These hazards or stressors are typically divided into the categories biological, chemical, physical, ergonomic, and psychosocial. The risk of a health effect from a given stressor is…

An industrial safety system is a countermeasure crucial in any hazardous plants such as oil and gas plants and nuclear plants. They are used to protect human, industrial plants, and the environment in case of the process going beyond the allowed control margins. As the name suggests, these systems are not intended for controlling the process itself…

Occupational Safety and Health Administration The OSHA Act was enacted to ensure so far as possible every working man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources (OSHA 2018). Under the Act, the OSHA was created within the U.S. Department of Labor to “Right‐To‐Know” Laws Probably one of…

The Internet has become the ultimate data source for science and technology. However, caution must be used when applying Internet data to scientific efforts or regulatory compliance. Often, information is published on the Internet without any description of the study or research that was used to develop the data. When such documentation is lacking, consider sending…

The key to communicating with the public lies not in simply explaining the technical hazards but also in understanding and responding to the sources of people’s outrage. Public communication does not end with the distribution of right‐to‐know information. To the contrary – as more and more community members acquire information – the tendency is to…

To demonstrate the principles of risk communication, we present the simple case of a small oil‐and‐water separation plant that briefly released black smoke after a heavy rain caused oil to seep into a natural gas burner. Although the smoke was under control in less than 10 minutes, in the aftermath of this seemingly small incident, the…

While many industrial facilities may recognize the benefits of communication, many are reluctant to devote the necessary time and money to initiating community outreach programs. Some managers believe that if people are already getting information in ways over which industry has no control, there is no point in fighting the process. In fact, they are wise…

A key component of successful environmental and health risk management for any industry is an effective community outreach, or social responsibility program. This is even more important today than in the past, given the current explosion in public access and exposure to, and interest in, information regarding local health and environmental issues. The internet provides…

Three‐dimensional representations of toxic effects are rare. Only concentration–time–response models can be readily derived from conventional test data. Functions of this sort can be derived from the data that are required from flow‐through 96‐hour LC50 tests of fish by ASTM and EPA protocols (ASTM 1991; USEPA 1982). Such models have the obvious advantage of allowing the assessor to…

5.4.5.1 One‐Dimensional Models Most ecological assessments depend on one‐dimensional models of toxicant/organism interaction, and in most cases that dimension is concentration. Because toxicology is historically the science of poisons, the fundamental paradigm of toxic effects is the single lethal dose. To the poisoner, duration of exposure, severities other than mortality and even the exact proportion…