Author: Muhammad Ahmad

Radioactive materials is taken into the body are removed by two mechanisms: physical decay and biological processes, each with its own characteristic half‐life. The combined removal by these two mechanisms is known as the effective half‐life, Teff, which is determined by (5.18) The effective half‐life is always smaller than either the biological or radiological half‐life. Or the…

Definition Radiation is defined as the propagation of energy through a vacuum or matter. Any electromagnetic or particulate radiation capable of producing ions, directly or indirectly, by interaction with matter is referred to as ionization radiation. Medical uses generally involve X‐rays and gamma rays as well as high‐energy electrons and low‐energy beta particles. The corpuscular…

Noise control is affected in a number of ways. Machinery can be redesigned to reduce noise. The basic principle is similar to controlling indoor air pollution: eliminating the source of the noise. This can be accomplished through improved machinery design and maintenance or by damping vibrations by increasing stiffness or using rubber or plastic bumpers…

The importance of proper safety training cannot be emphasized enough. If an emergency should arise, sampling personnel must be able to determine the cause of the accident and be prepared to act accordingly. Far too often, the rescuer, because of inadequate preparation, becomes another victim. Safety procedures should become routine, and the best way to…

Any entry into a confined space must always be performed by a team consisting of at least two people. A standby person must be stationed outside of the confined space. OSHA says that the duty of the attendant is to “maintain communication with and keep an accurate account of those workers entering the permit space.”…

Few confined spaces have adequate natural or mechanically induced air movement, and in most spaces, it is necessary to remove harmful gases or vapors by ventilation with a blower, fan, and capturing hoods. The most common method of ventilation uses a large flexible hose attached at one end to a blower with the other end…

Protective clothing is an important aspect of safety, and the guidelines presented here should be followed when working at industrial facilities. Communication Devices Two‐way radios and cell phones are effective ways to maintain contact with a main safety office. For hazardous sites, a sampling team should make contact upon arrival and departure from each sampling…

Recognizing the physical and atmospheric hazards associated with working in various industries and manufacturing plants is important. Simply acknowledging the hazards, however, does not guarantee safe working conditions. An employer is obligated by OSHA to provide safety equipment and establish a training program for employees. The important thing to remember is that the responsibility for…

The distance to the toxic endpoint was calculated for both the worst and alternate case release scenarios. The toxic endpoint for chlorine is 0.0087 mg/l (3 ppm). This value is based on the Emergency Response Planning Guidelines Level 2 (ERPG‐2) value. ERPG‐2 is defined as the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed that nearly all…

Atmospheric hazards are comprised of three primary types: oxygen deficient atmospheres, explosive/flammable atmospheres, and toxic atmospheres. These types of hazards require air monitoring and ventilation before entering a manhole or other confined space. Air monitoring equipment is discussed later in this chapter. It should be noted that atmospheric hazards caused or contributed to by an…