Author: haroonkhan
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Analysis of Coal
There are two methods for coal analysis—ultimate and proximate analysis. The ultimate analysis determines all solid or gaseous coal components, and the proximate analysis determines only the percentage of carbon, volatile matter, moisture, and ash.
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INTRODUCTION
Any material that can be burned to release thermal energy is called a fuel. Most familiar fuels consist primarily of hydrogen and carbon, called hydrocarbon fuels. Hydrocarbon fuels exist in all phases; some examples are coal, gasoline, and natural gas. Fuels are the materials which ignite in presence of oxygen and produce heat. The heat…
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The Combined Gas Law
We have three different relationships among temperature, volume, and pressure of a gas; these are as follows: Boyle’s Law: PV = k at constant temperature. Charle’s Law: at constant pressure. Gay–Lussac’s Law: at constant volume. These three gas laws can be combined in one combined gas law. This law can be expressed as Example 1.28: A sample of a gas has a…
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Gay–Lussac’s Law
Pressure of a confined gas increases with increasing temperature. If the temperature of the gas increases enough, the container can explode because of the pressure that builds up inside of it. The relationship between the pressure and temperature of a gas is described by Gay–Lussac’s law. ‘Gay–Lussac’s law states that the pressure of a sample…
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Charles’s Law
vJacques Charles carried out experiments on ideal gas and observed a relationship between the absolute temperature and volume of gases at constant pressure. Volume of the gas increases with increase in temperature and decreases with decrease in temperature. The Charle’s law can be stated as: ‘that the volume of a sample of gas is directly…
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Boyle’s Law
Robert Boyle, a British chemist gave the first gas law, now known as Boyle’s law. This law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a sample of gas confined in a container. Boyle observed that when the pressure on an ideal gas is increased volume decreases. Similarly, when pressure is released the volume…
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GAS LAWS
There are some relationships among temperature, volume, pressure, and quantity of a gas that could be described mathematically. This chapter deals with Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, Gay–Lussac’s law, and the combined gas law. These laws have one condition in common, i.e., fixed mass. In addition, some other properties of gases such as internal energy, specific…
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THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Third law of thermodynamics is law of entropy. It is a statement about the ability to create an absolute temperature scale, for which absolute zero is the point at which the internal energy of a solid is zero. Third law of thermodynamics states that it is impossible to reduce any system to absolute zero in…
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Evaluation of Entropy Change
From equation: Example 1.18: A heat engine having an efficiency of 35% is used to run a refrigerator of COP of 4, what is the heat input into the each MJ removed from the cold body by the refrigerator? If this system is used as a heat pump (Figure 1.16), how many MJ of heat would…
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Entropy Balance
For a closed system (no mass flow): In terms of rate: For an adiabatic system (when dQ = 0): For an open system steady flow process: