Author: haroonkhan
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Phase-locked loop
A PLL is an electronic circuit used to produce a signal that maintains the phase in synchronization to the phase reference clock. This device (PLL) consists of a variable frequency generation setup, namely voltage-controlled oscillator, a phase locator, charge pump and clock divider in the feedback path. The phase locator produces a comparison between the…
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Delay measurement
During research to understand the delay calculation, an inverter-based delay is the starting point. In the inverter-based delay lines, a minimum delay in the transition of the output from the input is offered. However, delay of the circuit is not only due to delay of inverter gates but also includes the delay offered by interconnection…
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What is clock signal?
A clock signal is the reference signal used to compare as a reference in circuits for synchronization of input and output signals. The clock signal has a definite period, and half of the period is known as pulse width which changes its value from high to low or low to high (Jovanović et al. 2003). Clock signals…
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Clock-enabled equipment for agriculture
Current farming needs apparatuses and innovations that can improve production effectiveness, product quality, postharvest tasks and diminish their natural effect (Saptasagare and Kodada 2014). Automation in agribusiness contributes to precision farming. Environmental parameters have a persistent effect on the crop from cultivation to cutting. Precision farming accompanies the method of applying the perfect measure of…
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Conclusion
A brief review is given for application of machine learning in agricultural sector. Also, a case study for detecting various tomato leaf diseases using several machine learning algorithms is presented. As a single case the efficacy of deep learning for detecting the diseases along with comparative results has been shown. So, this chapter may help the…
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Results and discussion
In this work, 250 tomato leaf images were taken from Plant Village Dataset. Out of which, 50 were the healthy tomato leaf images and 200 were the diseased tomato leaf images. To evaluate the similarities or differences of each disease, we first visualize the histogram of each analyzed image and compare it with a sample…
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Softmax
It is a popular activation function as observed from literature. In softmax activation function the exponential of the input signal are considered. Further, the sum of all these values are computed. Next to it the ratio of the exponential to sum of exponential are evaluated as the output function. The advantage of this function is…
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Rectified linear unit (Relu)
It is one of the most used activation functions in DNN. The major advantage behind this activation function is that it does not trigger all the neurons at the same time and converts all the negative input into zero so that the neuron does not get activated. Training performance in this activation function is much…
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Deep neural network (DNN)
DNN is a type of advanced neural network based on machine learning model where multiple number of layers are present in the input and output layers. The difference between a simple neural network and DNN is presented in Figure 13.12. This model is one of the popular artificial neural networks and can be used for different…
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Random forests
Random forest is a type of classifier which is the combination of multiple classifiers. It works by ensemble learning procedure, and multiple learning mechanisms are used for solving a particular problem. Here, in this method a number of assumptions are constructed and by combining them the problem is solved. Let us consider θm is a random…