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Author: haroonkhan

  • Physical Properties

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    haroonkhan
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    The important physical properties of building materials are as follows: Bulk Density Bulk density is the mass per unit volume of a material in its natural state. This is obtained by finding the ratio of the mass of the material to the volume of the material. Most of the technical properties such as strength, conductivity,…

  • QUALITIES OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

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    haroonkhan
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    Properties of construction materials, which are of use in engineering works, are classified as follows: Properties of construction materials which are relevant to building construction are dealt with in the following sections.

  • CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

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    haroonkhan
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    Engineering materials may be broadly classified into civil engineering materials, electrical engineering materials and mechanical engineering materials. However, some materials may be used in other disciplines also. Soils, building stones, bricks and clay products, lime, cement, concrete, mortar, timber, metals, alloys, etc., may be mainly grouped under civil engineering materials. Conductors, semi-conductors, insulators, magnetic materials…

  • INTRODUCTION

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    haroonkhan
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    Many naturally available materials have been in use for construction purposes since pre-historic times. Some of the materials are soil (earth), stone, rock, wood and water. These materials are available abundantly in nature. While some of these materials may be directly used without processing, others may need additional refinement to fit in the exact requirement.…

  • Conclusion

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    haroonkhan
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    In this work, we have briefed the clock generation circuit as PLL and DLL. These circuits generate a new clock that can be used as a reference edge in complex devices. Other internal components of the decision are synchronized to the active edge. Mean data transfer is possible on the active edge else the same…

  • Attribute of clock

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    haroonkhan
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    Following features measure the quality of clock (Deng et al. 2020; Kim et al. 2003; Johnson et al. 1999, Kim and Kang 2002):

  • Buffer-​based delay line

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    haroonkhan
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    A buffer comprises NMOS and a PMOS with the placement of cells in the opposite direction of CMOS inverter. NMOS is kept on the top and PMOS on the bottom, both being the connection of VDD and GND not altered. Here NMOS is connected to VDD, and PMOS is connected to ground. The structure was made…

  • Inverter-​based VCDL

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    haroonkhan
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    Inverter-​based VCDL device design was started with a schematic design using “Cadence Virtuoso” schematic composer using CMOS 90-​nm technology, and simulation result was obtained with cadence spectre simulator. The inverter-​based and the buffer-​based delay lines work in the following manner: When an input voltage is supplied as the reference edge of the clock to the…

  • Controlled delay line

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    haroonkhan
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    Two basic categories of delay elements for VCDL are inverter-​ and buffer-​based analog VCDL.

  • Delay-​locked loop

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    haroonkhan
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    DLL is the digital format of PLL, used to insert a delay in the clock signal to the desired value in accordance with the circuit it is included in the design. In usual emphasis, the clock timing properties are delayed, thereby increasing the output produced to an expected level and thus controlled. DLLs are also…