Author: haroonkhan

Excavation beyond depth of 1.5 m is generally categorised as deep excavation. The problems generally encountered in deep excavation are: Only the first aspect is treated in the sections treated below. The secured aspect is dealt separately elsewhere. Following methods of bracing are commonly employed. 1. Stay Bracing This arrangement is similar to that followed…

Many a times, building sites extend to the edges of the property lines or are adjacent to other sites, over which some structures may already be existing. Under these conditions, it is mandatory that the sides of the excavation must be made vertical and should be usually supported. Several methods are available in such occasions.…

Shallow excavations can be made if there is enough space is available to establish slopes at which the material can stand. As a general rule construction slopes can be made as steep as possible although a few small slides is generally not serious. But the steepness of slope depends on the type of soil or…

The foundations for most structures are invariably established below the surface of the ground. Thus they can not be constructed until the soil or rock above the base level of the foundations has been excavated. Open excavations are supported in some soils by lateral support called bracings. It is generally the engineer’s duty to decide…

Following guidelines may be considered in design of piles Where  = Hammer efficiency W = Weight of hammer h = Height of fall S = Final set  = Efficiency of the blow. C = Sum of the temporary elastic compression of the pile.

Following guidelines may be taken while designing shallow foundation other than rafts and mats.

The following general steps have to be adopted in the design of foundations:

Selection Procedure The selection of a foundation suitable for the type of structure to be constructed or for a given size depends on several factors. Following are the general steps to be followed in choosing the type of foundation.

Settlement of foundations may be caused due to the following reasons:

For some structures or for soil conditions the routine method of providing foundations may not be suitable. Such foundations under special conditions are dealt below. 1. Grillage Foundation Steel columns may be founded on concrete footings or footings of steel. Many a times the latter approach is preferred. This primarily consists of steel beams arranged…