Author: haroonkhan
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Is Arduino suitable for beginners?
Yes, Arduino is one of the most recommended devices for beginners due to several aspects. First of all, they will appreciate the easy programming, the large number of available knowledge sources, the high compatibility with different devices and interfaces, and the wide range of available add-ons and extensions. The attractive price is another big and undoubted…
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What is Arduino made of?
Physically, Arduino is a PCB with a large number of tracks and soldered components on it. The board is available in many versions, but they all have some common features. They usually differ in the size and type of components used (for example, a slower microprocessor or no Bluetooth interface). The key element of the…
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What is Arduino?
In general, Arduino is a small PCB (the size of a credit card) with a large number of components soldered on it. It is basically a ready-to-use development kit and an excellent learning base for beginners who are getting into electronics. However, it is also an excellent tool for professionals. The device has its own…
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Transient Flow of a Gas Well
Gas flow in a reservoir under transient conditions can be approximated by the combination of Darcy’s law (rate equation) and the continuity equation. In general, which in radial coordinates reduces to From the real gas law, and therefore If the permeability k is considered constant, then Equation (4-64) can be approximated further: Performing the differentiation on the…
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Gas Well Deliverability for Non-Darcy Flow
A more “exact” deliverability relationship for stabilized gas flow was developed by Aronofsky and Jenkins (1954) from the solution of the differential equation for gas flow through porous media using the Forchheimer (rather than the Darcy) equation for flow. This solution is where D is the non-Darcy coefficient and rd is the Aronofsky and Jenkins “effective” drainage radius, and…
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Approximation of Gas Well Deliverability
The steady-state relationship developed from Darcy’s law for an incompressible fluid (oil) was presented as Equation. A similar relationship can be derived for a natural gas well by converting the flow rate from STB/d to MSCF/d and using the real gas law to describe the PVT behavior of the gas. Beginning with the differential form…
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Gas Formation Volume Factor
The formation volume factor relates the reservoir volume to the volume at standard conditions of any hydrocarbon mixture. In the case of a natural gas, the formation volume factor, Bg, can be related with the application of the real gas law for reservoir conditions and for standard conditions. Thus, For the same mass, nR can be cancelled out…
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Gas Compressibility Factor Correction for Nonhydrocarbon Gases
Wichert and Aziz (1972) have presented a correlation that allows the use of the Standing-Katz graph (Figure 4-1) in the presence of nonhydrocarbon gases. In this case corrected pseudocritical values are and where the term ε3 is a function of the H2S and CO2 concentrations given by that can also be obtained graphically from Figure 4-3. Figure 4-3. Pseudocritical…
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Pseudocritical Properties from Gas Gravity
In the absence of detailed composition of a natural gas, Figure 4-2 can be used to relate the gas gravity (to air) with the pseudocritical properties of gas mixtures. Using the results of Example 4-2, the calculated molecular weight is 18.92, leading to γg = 18.92/28.97 = 0.65. From Figure 4-2, ppc = 670 psi and Tpc = 375°R, which compare with 671 psi and…
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Correlations and Useful Calculations for Natural Gases
Several important works have presented correlations for natural gas properties. Following is a summary of these, with brief descriptions of the use of these correlations.