Author: haroonkhan
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Production from Petroleum Reservoirs
Production from petroleum reservoirs is a replacement process. This means that when hydrocarbon is produced from a reservoir, the space that it occupied must be replaced with something. That something could be the swelling of the remaining hydrocarbon due to a drop in reservoir pressure, the encroachment of water from a neighboring aquifer, or the…
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Reservoir Types Defined with Reference to Phase Diagrams
From a technical point of view, the various types of reservoirs can be defined by the location of the initial reservoir temperature and pressure with respect to the two-phase (gas and liquid) envelope as commonly shown on pressure-temperature (PT) phase diagrams. Figure 1.4 is the PT phase diagram for a particular reservoir fluid. The area enclosed by…
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Introduction to Terminology
The purpose of this section is to provide an explanation to the reader of the terminology that will be used throughout the providing context for the terms and explaining the interaction of the terms. Before defining these terms, note Fig. 1.2, which illustrates a cross section of a producing petroleum reservoir. Figure 1.2 Diagram to show the…
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History of Reservoir Engineering
Crude oil, natural gas, and water are the substances that are of chief concern to petroleum engineers. Although these substances can occur as solids or semisolids such as paraffin, asphaltine, or gas-hydrate, usually at lower temperatures and pressures, in the reservoir and in the wells, they occur mainly as fluids, either in the vapor (gaseous) or in the liquid phase…
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Introduction to Petroleum Reservoirs
Oil and gas accumulations occur in underground traps formed by structural and/or stratigraphic features.1* Figure 1.1 is a schematic representation of a stratigraphic trap. Fortunately, the hydrocarbon accumulations usually occur in the more porous and permeable portion of beds, which are mainly sands, sandstones, limestones, and dolomites; in the intergranular openings; or in pore spaces caused by joints, fractures,…
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Methods for Ending a Contract or a Project
To simplify the coverage of this process, I have assumed that our project completed as planned, and that any contracts involved also ended at the same time the project completed. In reality, many of these project-ending steps could and should be done at the end of each project phase and not just at the end…
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Common Project Closing Challenges
The proper ending of a project is the most neglected project management process. To understand why and to better prepare yourself for this important activity, let’s review the common challenges that project managers and organizations have at this stage:
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Project End Checklist: 13 Important Steps
With these principles in mind, the 13 steps included in the project end checklist will ensure that you perform a complete project close and leave the stakeholders with a positive lasting impression of your project management abilities. Note Other common names for Project End Checklist include Project Closure Checklist and Project Closeout Checklist.
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Three Key Principles
Before we review the checklist items that will drive our project-ending efforts, let’s touch on the key principles that drive a successful project close:
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Introduction
As in most personal interactions, how we begin and end the process can make all the difference. The same can be said for projects. Continuing to use the personal interaction analogy, we know how initial impressions and the relationship we establish can make our “goodbye” extremely awkward or very exciting for the promise of what…