Author: haroonkhan
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WATER SUPPLY
In villages and in some towns where municipal water supply is not available, water is obtained from private wells. In such places, usually the water is pumped up to an elevated storage tank from where the distribution to the building is carried out. In large towns and cities, municipal water, after due treatment, is available…
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Principles of Plumbing Services in Buildings
The following factors are to be considered while designing plumbing services to buildings:
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Plumbing Terms
Following are the terms to which a civil engineer should be familiar in connection with plumbing services. 1. Plumbing or Plumbing System It is a general term encompassing the entire design practice, material and fixtures used in the installation and maintenance of all main fixtures and other appurtenances used in connection with water supply systems…
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PLUMBING SERVICES
Plumbing services is the entire system of piping, fixtures, applications, etc., for providing water supply or drainage to a building or premises. A plumbing water supply system consists of water supply and distribution with the use of pipes, control valves, pipe layout, storage tanks, etc. A plumbing drainage system consists of collection and disposal of…
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INTRODUCTION
Essential elements for the human beings to live in a house with a minimum comfort are water supply, drainage arrangements and electrical power supply. Biologically, water is required for the human beings for the satisfactory performance of physiological organisms, as a circulatory fluid, as a carrier of nourishing food and for the removal of products…
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DISTEMPERING
Distempers are available both in powder (dry distempers) or paste forms (oil bound distempers). Dry distempers consist of 90–95% of whiting and 5–10% of glue. Oil bound distempers are made by grinding pigments with a medium composed of an emulsion of a drying oil in water. Linseed or tung oil is used. Vehicle for distempers…
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WHITE/COLOUR WASHING
The building units other than wood, aluminium and iron, other structurally finished surfaces are given a final finish to improve the appearance by using white/colour washing or distempering. Pure lime or fat lime is slaked first and the required quantity of water is added to make the solution. The solution should have a milky consistency…
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Application of Coats
The surface of wood work is then stopped, that is done using hot weak glue size. This fill enables the pores get filled. After the surface is dried it is once again be rubbed and smoothened by sand paper. Over this smoothened surface varnish is applied in thin coats. Additional required coats are given once…
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Preparation of Surfaces
The roughness of wooden surfaces is removed using sand paper of suitable grades. Then fine grained sand paper is used to smoothen the surface. The smoothened surface is cleared thoroughly before the application of varnish. Process of treating knots is done as done in painting.
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VARNISHING
Varnish is primarily used only for wood work. For decoration purposes it is also used on stone facings.