Author: haroonkhan

Sedimentation is carried out with the object of removing such suspended mineral and organic matter from sewage. Sedimentation tanks are units in which sedimentation is brought about. The lighter organic sewage solids which settle in the sedimentation tanks are termed as sludge. The sewage that has been partially classified by the settling out of the…

1. Pipes and Gradients Pipe sizes for house drains and sewers are 100, 150 and 230 mm and in some cases 300 mm. In order to avoid deposition of solid matter, the pipes should be laid as per the recommendation of I.S. Code (IS: 1742–1972), Table 27.4. Table 27.4 Recommended gradient of sewer discharge pipes Source:…

The following aspects have to be considered in the design and construction of a drainage layout:

Plumbing system of drainage is one through which discharge from sanitary fixtures or appliances is conveyed. The three principal systems are single stack system, the one-pipe system and the two-pipe system. 1. Single Stack System In this system all waste matters such as from bath, kitchen and sink and foul matter from urinals or excreta…

Sanitary fittings and appliances comprise of traps, water closets, flushing cisterns, etc., which are discussed below. 1. Traps Traps are fittings which are installed in drainage pipes to prevent the passage of foul air or gases through drains, waste or soil pipes. This is possible because traps are equipped with water seals having a minimum…

Nearly 75% of the water supplied returns back in the form of wastewater. As there is a need for water supply system, there is an equal necessity to dispose the wastewater. The night-soil and urinary content of domestic sewage (originating from residential areas) consists of potentially most dangerous organisms. Such organisms are responsible for the…

Wastewaters coming from kitchen sink, washbasins and urinals are not containing any solid matter. But sewage a solid material has to be treated such that it also could be converted as a wastewater.

Two main types of pipes are Galvanised-iron (GI) pipes and unplasticised Poly-vinyl chloride (UPVC) pipes. If the quality of water running through the pipe is good, and the pipes are buried GI pipes are excellent. These pipes are available in three grades, viz., A, B and C. Class C is the pipe meant for heavy duty and is cosliest of all. Grade B pipes are…

Most of the fittings which are to be used for the water supply are standardised. Some of the fittings which are routinely used in residential water supply are discussed below. 1. Stop Valves These are fixed in an accessible place for each outlet such as washbasins, water closets, etc., to control and facilitate repair. 2.…

Water distribution system needed for a conventional residential building depends on the following aspects: 1. Estimation of Water Requirement As per Indian code recommendation (IS: 1172–1983 and SP 57–1993) for residences, 135 l of water per head per day to be used for the design of water supply system. The details of the daily consumption is given…