Author: haroonkhan

As we have noted previously, Bodin, Hobbes, Bentham and Austin conceptualized and formulated sovereignty in a legal sense. This refers to the legal and legislative supremacy of a person or a body of persons/legislature. Positive laws are commands of this person or body of persons, which carry legal sanctions behind it. In its legal sense, sovereignty…

As mentioned earlier, before Bodin gave a definite meaning to sovereignty as a specific element of the State, it was generally identified with the personal attribute of the monarch and its power. Not in the same sense but in a similar manner is sovereignty invoked to designate a king or a monarchical ruler who has…

As our survey of the historical development of the concept of sovereignty bears out, Bodin, Hobbes, Bentham and Austin are identified with the doctrine of ‘legal sovereignty’ while Althusius and Rousseau formulated doctrine of ‘popular sovereignty’. Similarly, Grotius introduced an important element by formulating the doctrine of ‘external sovereignty’. It may also be recalled how…

Sovereignty is also characterized by its universality or all-comprehensiveness. This quality refers to the universality of sovereign power over the territorial limits of the state. Thus, sovereignty is all-comprehensive and all-pervasive and its power extends over all persons, associations, and things within the territorial limits. We may recall how Hobbes made his sovereign all-pervasive by denying the right to…

Inalienability as a characteristic of sovereignty is referred to with respect to the State. It means that the State cannot cede any of its essential elements without self-destruction. If sovereignty is transferred or given away, the very essence of the State and its personality is jeopardized and compromised. Sovereignty and the State stay together. Thinkers…

Indivisibility as a characteristic of sovereignty can be said to emerge as a logical deduction of the characteristic of absoluteness. If sovereignty is absolute, it has to be characterized by unity, otherwise it will be logically inconsistent. As Jellinek remarks ‘a divided, fragmented, diminished, limited, relative sovereignty’ is contradictory. If law is the command of the sovereign,…

Theorists like Bodin, Hobbes, Rousseau and Austin have emphasized the absoluteness or illimitability of sovereignty. Absoluteness refers to power which is not restricted or limited by any consideration or authority internally and also externally. The sovereign cannot be limited or restricted by any law, moral or social considerations, customs and historical traditions, the law of nature, natural…

Understood in a legal sense, sovereignty has certain characteristics that define its nature and also its importance in relation to the State. Sovereignty is a special element of the State and its characteristics also define the nature of the State. As our survey of the development of the concept of sovereignty suggests, the following characteristics are…

Austin’s theory of sovereignty mainly involves three inter-related propositions—first, the location of sovereignty in a determinate human superior; second, the legal superiority of sovereign authority and the finality of positive law in the form of law as the command of the sovereign; and third, the indivisibility and absoluteness of sovereignty. By the very fact of assigning final legal authority…

While Hobbes and Bentham championed the concept of legal sovereignty, it is John Austin (1790–1859), an English jurist, in whose hand it gets its fullest expression. Furthermore, as Vincent maintains, like Bodin and Hobbes, Austin also identified the sovereign with the State.24 John Austin in his Lectures on Jurisprudence (1832) formulated his concept of sovereignty. According to Garner,…