No defect and zero effect, or something very close to it, is the ultimate goal of P3, while the processes themselves are the tools and pathways to achieve it. Thus, industries were to be reorganized into “clusters” in which the wastes or by‐products of each industrial process’ were fully matched with others industries’ input requirements; the integrated process would produce only clean product, perfectly matching with given specifications, while no waste of any kind. As described in Chapter 8 Section 1.5, this solution is being applied in scattered areas throughout the world, from modern industrial nations such as Sweden to developing countries such as Bangladesh.
Traditionally, pollution control technology processed a “waste” until it was benign enough for discharge into the environment. This was achieved through dilution, destruction, separation, or concentration. Within the ZDZE paradigm, many of these processes will still be applied, but as mentioned earlier, the goal will be resource extraction, refining, or commodity production, not simply removal of waste from the premises. Engineering firms will need to develop conversion technologies that create “designer wastes” to meet input specifications of other industries.
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