Sanitary fittings and appliances comprise of traps, water closets, flushing cisterns, etc., which are discussed below.
1. Traps
Traps are fittings which are installed in drainage pipes to prevent the passage of foul air or gases through drains, waste or soil pipes. This is possible because traps are equipped with water seals having a minimum depth of 25 mm. Higher the depth greater the effectiveness of trap. Depth varies in practice from 25 to 75 mm and 50 mm depth is quite common.
Qualities of good traps are:
- They should have adequate water seal at all times which is possible only when they are non-absorbent.
- There should not be any projections which may obstruct or retard the flow of water. Further it should be smooth.
- They should retain minimum quantity of water consistent with providing deep water seal with large area.
- Apart from self-cleansing, provision should be there for cleaning manually or otherwise.
Traps are classified based on shape as R-trap, Q-trap and S-trap and based on use as floor trap, gully trap and intercepting trap.
Figure 27.1 of traps based on shape.
Figure 27.1 Traps based on shapes (P-Q-S)
Floor traps are intended to collect surface wash or wastewater from the floors of the bath and kitchen. These are provided with cast iron grating at top so as to retain coarse solid matter. Thus preventing the matter to go along with wastewater and thereby cause blockade (Fig. 27.2).
Figure 27.2 Floor trap
Gully traps are intended to receive sullage water from baths, sinks and washbasins. Further they are also used to receive rain or surface water from house-tops or back yards. The water seal is 50–75 mm. Waste pipes and rain-waste pipes are invariably connected to drains through the gully trap (Fig. 27.3).
Figure 27.3 Gully trap
Intercepting traps or also called as interceptors. These are installed at the junction of the house drain and house sewer. The primary object is to prevent the foul gases in the public sewer entering the house drainage system (Fig. 27.4).
2. Water Closets
Water closet is a water-flushed-plumbing figure designed to receive human excreta directly from the user. There are two types of water closets, viz., Squatting or the Indian type and pedestal or the European Type. Figures 27.5(a) and (b) show the two different types.
Figure 27.4 Intercepting drain
Figure 27.5 Water closets
(i) Indian Type
This has a squatting pan of 45–63 cm in overall length and 45–50 cm in height. The W.C. is connected to soil pipe through a P-trap or S-trap.
(ii) European Type
It is a wash down water closet provided with a seat and cover and fitted with P-trap and S-trap. It has a maximum overall height of 63 cm and a height of 34–40 cm.
Both the types of WCs are provided through flushing cisterns and flushing pipes.
3. Flushing Cistern
This is a sanitary appliance which is used flushing out water closets, urinals, etc. There are two types one is valveless siphonic type and the other is valve-fitted siphonic type. The former is preferred and largely used in practice.
4. Washbasins
Washbasin is also called as lavatory basin. It is made of white-glazed earthen wave, enamelled iron, etc. There are two types, viz., flat back and angle back. Washbasins are fixed either on brackets secured to the walls or on pedestals rising from the floor.
5. Sink
It is a rectangular shaped receptacle used in kitchen or laboratory for draining of water. It is to be located as far as possible near a window so as to get adequate light. The height from the floor is about 90 cm to the top edge of the sink.
6. Urinals
There are two types, viz., bowl type and the slab or stall type. Both the types are flushed through siphonic type of flushing cisterns. In the bowl type, the cistern may be hand operated and of 5 l capacity. In the stall type the automatic flushing cisterns are used.
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