Numerical control can be defined as a form of programmable automation in which the machining process is controlled by numbers, letters, and symbols. NC technology has been applied for a wide variety of operations but principal application is in machining operations.
An operational NC system consists of the following three basic components:
- Program of instruction.
- Controller unit.
- Machine tools.
The program of instruction consists of details of sequence of operations in symbolic, numeric, or alpha numeric form on some medium like tape, which can be interpreted by controller unit. Controller unit consists of the electronics and hardware that read and interpret the program of instructions and convert it into mechanical actions of the machine tool. The typical elements of conventional NC controller unit include the tape reader, a data buffer, signal output channels to the machine tool, feedback channels from the machine tool, and the sequence control to coordinate the overall operation of the forging element. Machine tool is the part of NC system which performs useful work. It also includes the cutting tools, work fixtures, and other auxiliary equipment needed in the machining operation. The three components of NC system are shown in Figure 22.1.
Figure 22.1 NC Components
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